Prevalence odds ratios (PORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were adjusted for gender, race/ethnicity, and smoking status. The estimates with a relative standard error ( *100) ≥30% were considered unreliable and were not reported. Variance estimates were calculated to account for the complex survey design. 9 Participants with unknown and missing information for COPD were excluded ( n = 33) from the analysis.ĭata were adjusted for nonresponse and weighted to be nationally representative. Industry and occupation information were available for 21 North American Industry Classification System-based major industry groups and 23 Standard Occupational Classification major occupation groups. Combustible tobacco non-users were those that reported not smoking 100 cigarettes during their lifetime and currently not smoking or that reported ever using combustible tobacco products and smoking “not at all” at the time of the survey.
Current combustible tobacco users were those that reported current (“everyday” or “someday”) use of cigarettes and/or other combustible tobacco products (smoking cigars/little cigars/cigarillos, pipes, or water pipes/hookahs). Lost work days was determined among workers who reported ≥1 days missed work at a job or business because of illness or injury in the past 12 months and bed days was determined among workers who reported ≥1 days that illness or injury kept you in bed for more than half of the day in the past 12 months. Health care utilization was determined among workers who reported ≥1 office visit (saw a doctor or other health care professional at least once in the past 12 months for your own health at a doctor’s office, a clinic, or some other place), ≥1 emergency room (ER) visit (went to a hospital ER at least once in the past 12 months for your health), and having a usual place for routine or preventive care. Workers were determined to have COPD if they had a positive response to any of the three questions asking if they were told by a doctor or other health professional that they ever had COPD, ever had emphysema, or had chronic bronchitis during the past 12 months. Questionnaires, documentation, and data sets are publicly available at. Health care utilization, lost work days, and bed days among adults employed (ie, survey participants responding “working for pay at a job or business,” “with a job or business but not at work,” or “working, but not for pay, at a family owned job or business” when asked about their employment status at any time during the 12 months prior to the survey) were analyzed.
For the present study, NHIS data from 2014 to 2018, for adults aged ≥18 years were combined (combined sample n = 99,424) to improve the precision and reliability of estimates. National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 7, 8 data are collected annually from a nationally representative sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S.
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